Actuarial Approach to Option Pricing

نویسنده

  • HANS U. GERBER
چکیده

Over sixty years ago, the Swedish actuary F. Esscher suggested that the Edgeworth approximation (a refinement of the normal approximation) yields better results, if it is applied to a modification of the original distribution of aggregate claims. In this paper, this Esscher transform is defined more generally as a change of measure for a certain class of stochastic processes that model stock prices. According to the Fundamental Theorem of Asset Pricing, security prices are calculated as expected discounted values with respect to a (or the) equivalent martingale measure. If the measure is unique, it is obtained by the method of Esscher transforms; if not, the risk-neutral Esscher measure provides a unique and transparent answer, which can be justified if there is a representative investor maximizing his expected utility. The price is unique whenever a self-financing replicating portfolio can be constructed. This is the case in the classical geometric Brownian motion model, but also in the geometric shifted Poisson process model. The latter is at the same time simpler (in view of its sample paths) and richer (the former can be retrieved as a limit). The Esscher method can be extended to pricing the derivative securities of multiple (possibly) dividend-paying stocks. We show that, in the case of a multidimensional geometric Brownian motion, the price of a European option does not depend on the interest rate, provided that the payoff is a function only of the stock prices and is homogeneous in one of them. Moreover, with the aid of Esscher transforms, a change of the numeraire can be discussed in a concise way. Finally, it is shown how certain American type options on two stocks (for example, the perpetual Margrabe option) can be priced. Applying the optional sampling theorem to certain martingales (which resemble the exponential martingale in ruin theory), we obtain several explicit results without having to deal with differential equations. 44 5TH AFIR INTERNATIONAL COLLOQUIUM APPROCHE ACTUARIELLE A L’EVALUATION DU PRTX D’UNE OPTION HANS U. GERBER ECOLE DES HAUTES ETUDES COMMERCIALES UNIVERSITE DE LAUSANNE CH-1015 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND PHONE: 4121692 3371 -FAX: 4121692 3305 E-MAIL: [email protected] ET ELIAS S.W. SHIU DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS AND ACTUARIAL SCIENCE THE UNIVERSITY OF IOWA IOWA CITY, IOWA 52242, U.S.A. PHONE: 319 335 2580 -FAX: 319 335 3017 E-MAIL: [email protected] 11 y a soixante am, l’actuaire suedois F. Esscher a remarque que l’approximation d’Edgeworth donne de meilleurs resultats aprts une modification prtalable de la distribution du montant total des sinistres. Dans cet article, cette transformte d’Esscher est definie de faGon plus gCn&ale comme ttant un changement de mesure de probabilitt dune certaine classe de processus stochastiques servant a modeliser le prix dune action. Selon un theoreme fondamental, le prix dun titre est &gal a l’espkrance mathematique de la valeur escomptee des paiements, esperance calculte par rapport a la (ou une) mesure de martingale kquivalente. Si cette mesure est unique, elle est obtenue par la m&ode de la transformee d’Esscher; sinon, la mesure d’Esscher neutre vis-a-vis du risque foumit une reponse unique et transparente, qui peut se justifier par la presence dun investisseur representatif maximisant son utilite esperte. Le prix est unique d&s qu’il est possible de construire un portefeuille autofinance equivalent au titre. Cette situation se rencontre dans le cas classique du modele Brownien geometrique, mais aussi dans le cas du modkle de Poisson avec translation. Ce dernier est a la fois plus simple (notamment ses trajectoires) et plus riche, puisqu’il contient le modele classique comme cas limite. La mdthode d’Esscher peut etre g6nntralisCe pour calculer le prix de produits derives sur plusieurs actions versant des dividendes. 11 est montre que, dans le cas du mouvement Brownien geometrique multidimensionnel, le prix dune option Europeenne ne depend pas du taux d’intC&, a condition que le paiement soit une fonction des prix des actions qui est homogtne par rapport a un des prix. De plus, a l’aide de la transformee d’Esscher, l’analyse d’un changement de numeraire peut se faire dune faGon concise. Finalement, il est montre comment on peut obtenir le prix de certaines options Americaines sur deux actions (par exemple, l’option de Margrabe perpetuelle) en appliquant le theoreme d’arrgt optionnel a certaines martingales. Ceci permet d’obtenir plusieurs resultats explicites sans avoir a utiliser d’equations differcntielles. ACTUARIAL APPROACH TO OPTION PRICING 45

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تاریخ انتشار 2002